Unlawful Retention of Property: Legal Nature, Elements, and Liability I. Concept and Legal Significance of Unlawful Retention Unlawful retention of property represents a distinctive category of property-related wrongdoing in which a person who initially acquired possession of an object lawfully subsequently refuses to return it to its rightful owner or Read more
Identity Theft and Deepfake Media: The Convergence of Personal Fraud and Synthetic Reality I. Introduction: From Stolen Data to Stolen Presence Identity theft has traditionally been understood as a crime of appropriation — the unlawful acquisition and use of another person’s personal data for financial or reputational gain. For decades, Read more
Crime Scene Investigation Techniques: Between Forensic Science and Legal Proof Crime scene investigation occupies a peculiar and decisive position in modern legal systems. It is neither purely scientific nor purely juridical: it represents a methodological bridge between physical reality and normative judgment. Courts do not reconstruct events directly; they reconstruct Read more
Service Marks in Law: Distinguishing Commercial Identity in the Intangible Economy I. Introduction: From Goods to Services — The Expansion of Trademark Logic Classical trademark law emerged in an economic world dominated by tangible commodities: cloth, wine, metal tools, books. Marks functioned as indicators of origin stamped onto physical goods. Read more
Renewable Energy Legislation Around the World: A Global Legal Landscape The transition from fossil-fuel-based energy systems to renewable energy sources constitutes one of the most profound transformations of the twenty-first century. As climate change accelerates and energy security becomes a matter of strategic sovereignty, national and supranational legal frameworks are Read more
Transfer of Undertakings: Legal Concept, Employee Protection, and Contemporary Challenges I. Introduction The transfer of undertakings is a central concept in modern labor and commercial law, operating at the intersection of business restructuring and employee protection. It addresses a recurring economic reality: companies change ownership, merge, outsource operations, or reorganize Read more
The Legal Risks of Corporate Transition Plans: Consequences of Failing Net-Zero Pledges In the past decade, corporate climate transition plans and net-zero pledges have emerged from voluntary statements of environmental intent into focal points of corporate strategy, investor scrutiny, and regulatory reform. These instruments, which articulate how a company will Read more
Reputational Damage in the Legal Context I. Introduction Reputation constitutes one of the most valuable yet fragile assets possessed by individuals, professionals, and legal entities alike. Unlike tangible property, reputation is an intangible social construct, formed through perception, trust, and accumulated conduct over time. In the legal context, reputational damage Read more
Property Protection: Legal Foundations, Mechanisms, and Contemporary Challenges I. Introduction Property protection is a cornerstone of any functioning legal order. The ability of individuals and legal entities to acquire, use, enjoy, and dispose of property without unlawful interference is essential not only for personal autonomy but also for economic stability, Read more