Articles of Association: The Internal Constitution of a Company I. Introduction The Articles of Association constitute one of the most fundamental documents in corporate law, serving as the internal constitution of a company. While statutes and corporate codes define the general framework within which companies must operate, the Articles delineate Read more
I. Introduction What is a repudiation of a contract? Contracts are the backbone of modern legal and commercial life. They represent not only an exchange of promises but also the foundation of trust between parties. Yet, circumstances sometimes arise in which one party demonstrates, through words or conduct, that it Read more
Emergency Clause in Contract Law: Legal Significance, Function, and Comparative Perspectives I. Introduction Contract law, as a dynamic domain of private law, is shaped not only by abstract legal principles such as pacta sunt servanda (agreements must be kept), but also by mechanisms that accommodate unexpected disruptions. Among these mechanisms, Read more
The Legal Aspects of Balloon Coverage: A Doctrinal and Practical Analysis I. Introduction Balloon coverage, a term most frequently encountered in the fields of insurance and finance, denotes a policy structure or agreement that begins with limited or deferred liability and culminates in a substantial final payment or extended coverage Read more
The United Nations Human Rights Council: Mandate, Structure, and Global Impact I. Introduction The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) represents one of the most ambitious and controversial attempts in international law to uphold the universality of human rights. As a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly, the Council Read more
Can You Lose American Citizenship? I. Introduction American citizenship is often considered one of the most secure legal statuses in the world, conferring powerful rights such as the right to reside and work in the United States, access to protection by the U.S. government, and the right to participate in Read more
Blockchain and Smart Contracts: Legal Implications and Challenges What is the relation between Blockchain and Smart Contracts? The emergence of blockchain technology and smart contracts represents a paradigm shift in the domains of finance, governance, and law. Originally conceptualized as the foundation for cryptocurrencies, blockchain has evolved into a broader Read more
Can You Bypass Tariffs? A Legal, Economic, and Ethical Examination Tariffs—taxes imposed by governments on imported goods—have long been a staple of international trade policy. They serve as instruments of economic protectionism, revenue generation, and political leverage. Yet, as global trade networks grow more complex, so do the strategies to Read more
Boilerplate Clauses in Contracts: Structure, Function, and Legal Importance In the field of contract law, much attention is often given to the substantive clauses that reflect the core agreement between the parties—price, delivery, scope of services, or duration. However, the structural integrity and enforceability of a contract are equally dependent Read more