Counterfeit Notes as a Legal Problem I. Introduction Counterfeit notes—fraudulent imitations of legal tender—pose a serious legal, economic, and social challenge in modern societies. The issue is as old as money itself, but it has become increasingly sophisticated with the advent of digital printing technologies and globalized criminal networks. The Read more
Money Laundering as a Crime I. Introduction Money laundering has become one of the most pressing challenges of modern financial and criminal law. As globalization has expanded the reach of economic transactions and financial markets, criminals have also gained new opportunities to conceal illicit proceeds and integrate them into the Read more
Criminal vs. Administrative Liability I. Introduction The distinction between criminal and administrative liability lies at the heart of contemporary jurisprudence. Both forms of liability represent responses of the state to unlawful conduct, yet they differ fundamentally in nature, purpose, and procedure. Criminal liability addresses acts that society deems harmful to Read more
Types of Legal Action: A Taxonomical Overview of Judicial Remedies Introduction Legal action, broadly construed, is the procedural mechanism through which rights are asserted, obligations enforced, or wrongs redressed under the auspices of law. The concept transcends mere litigation and encompasses a multitude of remedies tailored to diverse legal contexts, Read more
Genocide as a Crime Against Humanity: Legal Codification and Moral Condemnation Abstract:Genocide represents the most heinous form of collective violence: the systematic attempt to annihilate a people not because of what they have done, but because of who they are. It occupies a distinct and grave position within the architecture Read more
Cryptocurrency and Criminal Theory: How Dark Nets Challenge Territorial Jurisdiction What is the relation betwen Cryptocurrency and Criminal Theory? In the digital age, the emergence of decentralized technologies—particularly cryptocurrencies and the dark web—has posed profound challenges to traditional legal frameworks. Among the most affected is criminal law, especially in relation Read more
Petty Theft in Criminal Law: A Legal and Social Analysis Petty theft, often considered one of the most minor offenses within the broader framework of criminal law, nonetheless occupies a significant position within legal systems due to its prevalence and implications for justice, deterrence, and social cohesion. At its core, Read more
Loss of Bodily Functions in the Legal Context The loss of bodily functions constitutes a critical legal concept, particularly within tort law, personal injury claims, insurance disputes, criminal liability, and disability jurisprudence. Its treatment involves complex considerations of bodily integrity, human dignity, and quantification of harm. The legal system, which Read more
The Use of Force Continuum: A Legal and Ethical Framework for Authority Introduction The concept of the use of force continuum occupies a critical place in the discourse surrounding law enforcement, civil rights, and state power. It is a structured guideline that delineates the various levels of force that may Read more