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What Is a Protected Witness?

What Is a Protected Witness? I. Introduction The concept of a protected witness lies at the intersection of criminal justice, human rights, and public security. It emerges from the state’s dual obligation: on one hand, to prosecute serious crimes effectively, and on the other, to ensure that individuals who assist the judicial process are not exposed to undue danger. The institution of witness protection serves as a legal mechanism designed to safeguard those whose testimony Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Disclosure Obligations in Corporate Law

Disclosure Obligations in Corporate Law I. Introduction Disclosure obligations constitute one of the fundamental pillars of modern corporate governance and securities regulation. They ensure transparency, accountability, and fairness in corporate operations by mandating that corporations provide relevant and accurate information to shareholders, regulators, and the public. The rationale behind disclosure requirements lies in preventing market manipulation, protecting investors, and ensuring that decisions are made on the basis of complete and truthful data. In essence, disclosure Read more

By Tsvety, ago

The Legal Basis of Mutual Funds

The Legal Basis of Mutual Funds I. Introduction Mutual funds occupy a central position in modern financial systems, functioning as collective investment vehicles that enable individuals and institutions to pool resources for diversified portfolio management. The legal foundations of mutual funds are of great importance, as they establish the framework that governs their creation, operation, management, and supervision. This legal structure ensures transparency, accountability, and investor protection while maintaining market integrity and economic stability. The Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Jus Cogens: The Peremptory Norms of International Law

Jus Cogens: The Peremptory Norms of International Law I. Introduction In the vast architecture of international law, jus cogens norms stand as its most immutable and sacred pillars. Derived from Latin, meaning “compelling law,” jus cogens refers to those fundamental principles from which no derogation is permitted. They embody the highest form of legal authority within the international legal order, transcending the will of states and serving as the moral and normative core of the Read more

By Tsvety, ago

The Insurrection Act: A Legal Analysis

The Insurrection Act: A Legal Analysis I. Introduction The Insurrection Act of 1807 occupies a distinctive and somewhat controversial position within the framework of United States law. It represents one of the few legal mechanisms by which the President may deploy military forces domestically to restore public order, suppress rebellion, or enforce federal authority. While the Constitution vests Congress with the power to regulate the use of the armed forces and the President with the Read more

By Tsvety, ago

The Legal Doctrine of Non-Concurrence

The Legal Doctrine of Non Concurrence I. Introduction Law, as a rational system of order, constantly encounters situations where multiple rules, principles, or legal claims appear to apply simultaneously. The doctrine of non-concurrence emerges as a response to this challenge. Broadly speaking, it refers to the idea that certain rights, actions, or claims cannot be exercised together because their simultaneous assertion would be logically inconsistent, legally impermissible, or contrary to principles of justice. It is Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Legal Binding Mechanisms of International Peace Negotiations

Legal Binding Mechanisms of International Peace Negotiations I. Introduction The maintenance of international peace and security stands as one of the principal objectives of international law. While wars and conflicts have always been intrinsic to human history, the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen the institutionalization of peace through international legal frameworks and negotiations. Yet, the question remains: how do peace negotiations—often political, diplomatic, and pragmatic in nature—attain legal force? The transformation of a political Read more

By Tsvety, ago

UN Charters Protecting Children’s Rights 101

UN Charters Protecting Children’s Rights I. Introduction The protection of children’s rights has evolved into one of the most universal and morally compelling objectives of international law. Within the framework of the United Nations (UN), the safeguarding of children from exploitation, violence, neglect, and deprivation has been consistently reaffirmed as a matter of global concern. The UN’s legal and normative corpus on children’s rights is extensive and multifaceted, encompassing general human rights provisions, specialized conventions, Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Why VPN Technology Is Illegal in Some Countries in the World

Why VPN Technology Is Illegal in Some Countries in the World I. Introduction Virtual Private Network (VPN) technology has become a fundamental instrument of modern digital life. It enables users to encrypt their internet connections, maintain privacy, and circumvent geographical restrictions imposed by websites or governments. In an age characterized by mass surveillance and data commodification, VPNs appear as essential tools for protecting the autonomy and privacy of individuals. However, paradoxically, the very nature of Read more

By Tsvety, ago