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Service Marks in Law: Distinguishing Commercial Identity in the Intangible Economy

Service Marks in Law: Distinguishing Commercial Identity in the Intangible Economy I. Introduction: From Goods to Services — The Expansion of Trademark Logic Classical trademark law emerged in an economic world dominated by tangible commodities: cloth, wine, metal tools, books. Marks functioned as indicators of origin stamped onto physical goods. Yet the modern economy is primarily service-based — banking, software platforms, transportation networks, education, legal advice, streaming media, logistics, and digital infrastructure. The law therefore Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Identity Theft and Deepfake Media: The Convergence of Personal Fraud and Synthetic Reality

Identity Theft and Deepfake Media: The Convergence of Personal Fraud and Synthetic Reality I. Introduction: From Stolen Data to Stolen Presence Identity theft has traditionally been understood as a crime of appropriation — the unlawful acquisition and use of another person’s personal data for financial or reputational gain. For decades, the offense depended on relatively static identifiers: names, addresses, social security numbers, credit card credentials, and official documents. The legal response therefore developed around the Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Legal Nature, Regulatory Challenges, and the Future of Financial Law

Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Legal Nature, Regulatory Challenges, and the Future of Financial Law I. Introduction: Finance Without Institutions Decentralized Finance (DeFi) represents one of the most radical transformations of economic organization since the emergence of modern banking. Traditionally, finance has been inseparable from institutional trust: banks, clearing houses, brokers, payment processors, and regulators collectively form the architecture through which value circulates. Law evolved around this structure — licensing regimes, fiduciary duties, prudential supervision, and consumer Read more

By Tsvety, ago

The Presidential Veto: Constitutional Function, Democratic Tension, and Juridical Consequences

The Presidential Veto: Constitutional Function, Democratic Tension, and Juridical Consequences I. The Veto as a Constitutional Pause To describe the presidential veto as a “pause” in the legislative process is not metaphorical ornament but constitutional precision. Modern constitutionalism assumes that the greatest danger to liberty does not arise solely from tyranny imposed by a single ruler, but from the velocity of collective decision-making. A legislature, especially one operating under political urgency, electoral pressure, or social Read more

By Tsvety, ago

SFDR and its Effect on the Markets

I. The Purpose and Logic of the SFDR The Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2019/2088) forms part of the European Union’s broader sustainable finance architecture, together with the EU Taxonomy Regulation and related ESG legislation. Its central objective is not to compel investors to invest sustainably, but to compel them to explain, consistently and verifiably, how sustainability considerations influence financial decisions. In legal terms, the SFDR is a disclosure regime rather than a conduct Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Types of Documents in Public International Law

Types of Documents in Public International Law I. Introduction Public international law is a legal system built not around a single legislature or codified statute book, but around a complex web of documents that express the will, consent, practice, and normative commitments of states and international actors. These documents perform different legal functions: some create binding obligations, others record political commitments, clarify existing norms, or serve as evidence of customary law. Understanding the types of Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Transfer of Undertakings: Legal Concept, Employee Protection, and Contemporary Challenges

Transfer of Undertakings: Legal Concept, Employee Protection, and Contemporary Challenges I. Introduction The transfer of undertakings is a central concept in modern labor and commercial law, operating at the intersection of business restructuring and employee protection. It addresses a recurring economic reality: companies change ownership, merge, outsource operations, or reorganize their activities, while the workforce attached to those activities faces uncertainty regarding job security, working conditions, and continuity of rights. The law of transfer of Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Net-Zero Pledges: The Legal Risks of Corporate Transition Plans

The Legal Risks of Corporate Transition Plans: Consequences of Failing Net-Zero Pledges In the past decade, corporate climate transition plans and net-zero pledges have emerged from voluntary statements of environmental intent into focal points of corporate strategy, investor scrutiny, and regulatory reform. These instruments, which articulate how a company will align its business model with decarbonization objectives, now carry legal implications that extend well beyond reputational risk. As mandatory disclosure regimes proliferate in major jurisdictions, Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Reputational Damage in the Legal Context

Reputational Damage in the Legal Context I. Introduction Reputation constitutes one of the most valuable yet fragile assets possessed by individuals, professionals, and legal entities alike. Unlike tangible property, reputation is an intangible social construct, formed through perception, trust, and accumulated conduct over time. In the legal context, reputational damage refers to the harm inflicted upon this asset through unlawful, negligent, or unjustified actions that undermine public esteem, professional standing, or economic credibility. Modern legal Read more

By Tsvety, ago