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Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Legal Nature, Regulatory Challenges, and the Future of Financial Law

Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Legal Nature, Regulatory Challenges, and the Future of Financial Law I. Introduction: Finance Without Institutions Decentralized Finance (DeFi) represents one of the most radical transformations of economic organization since the emergence of modern banking. Traditionally, finance has been inseparable from institutional trust: banks, clearing houses, brokers, payment processors, and regulators collectively form the architecture through which value circulates. Law evolved around this structure — licensing regimes, fiduciary duties, prudential supervision, and consumer Read more

By Tsvety, ago

The Presidential Veto: Constitutional Function, Democratic Tension, and Juridical Consequences

The Presidential Veto: Constitutional Function, Democratic Tension, and Juridical Consequences I. The Veto as a Constitutional Pause To describe the presidential veto as a “pause” in the legislative process is not metaphorical ornament but constitutional precision. Modern constitutionalism assumes that the greatest danger to liberty does not arise solely from tyranny imposed by a single ruler, but from the velocity of collective decision-making. A legislature, especially one operating under political urgency, electoral pressure, or social Read more

By Tsvety, ago

SFDR and its Effect on the Markets

I. The Purpose and Logic of the SFDR The Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2019/2088) forms part of the European Union’s broader sustainable finance architecture, together with the EU Taxonomy Regulation and related ESG legislation. Its central objective is not to compel investors to invest sustainably, but to compel them to explain, consistently and verifiably, how sustainability considerations influence financial decisions. In legal terms, the SFDR is a disclosure regime rather than a conduct Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Types of Documents in Public International Law

Types of Documents in Public International Law I. Introduction Public international law is a legal system built not around a single legislature or codified statute book, but around a complex web of documents that express the will, consent, practice, and normative commitments of states and international actors. These documents perform different legal functions: some create binding obligations, others record political commitments, clarify existing norms, or serve as evidence of customary law. Understanding the types of Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Transfer of Undertakings: Legal Concept, Employee Protection, and Contemporary Challenges

Transfer of Undertakings: Legal Concept, Employee Protection, and Contemporary Challenges I. Introduction The transfer of undertakings is a central concept in modern labor and commercial law, operating at the intersection of business restructuring and employee protection. It addresses a recurring economic reality: companies change ownership, merge, outsource operations, or reorganize their activities, while the workforce attached to those activities faces uncertainty regarding job security, working conditions, and continuity of rights. The law of transfer of Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Net-Zero Pledges: The Legal Risks of Corporate Transition Plans

The Legal Risks of Corporate Transition Plans: Consequences of Failing Net-Zero Pledges In the past decade, corporate climate transition plans and net-zero pledges have emerged from voluntary statements of environmental intent into focal points of corporate strategy, investor scrutiny, and regulatory reform. These instruments, which articulate how a company will align its business model with decarbonization objectives, now carry legal implications that extend well beyond reputational risk. As mandatory disclosure regimes proliferate in major jurisdictions, Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Reputational Damage in the Legal Context

Reputational Damage in the Legal Context I. Introduction Reputation constitutes one of the most valuable yet fragile assets possessed by individuals, professionals, and legal entities alike. Unlike tangible property, reputation is an intangible social construct, formed through perception, trust, and accumulated conduct over time. In the legal context, reputational damage refers to the harm inflicted upon this asset through unlawful, negligent, or unjustified actions that undermine public esteem, professional standing, or economic credibility. Modern legal Read more

By Tsvety, ago

Property Protection: Legal Foundations, Mechanisms, and Contemporary Challenges

Property Protection: Legal Foundations, Mechanisms, and Contemporary Challenges I. Introduction Property protection is a cornerstone of any functioning legal order. The ability of individuals and legal entities to acquire, use, enjoy, and dispose of property without unlawful interference is essential not only for personal autonomy but also for economic stability, social trust, and the rule of law. From ancient legal systems to modern constitutional democracies, the protection of property has been regarded as both a Read more

By Tsvety, ago

The Greenland Case: Can a President Offer Money to Buy an Independent Territory?

Can a President Offer Money to Buy an Independent Territory? I. Introduction What is legally the Greenland case seen through a broader frame? The question of whether a president may offer money to purchase an independent territory occupies a curious intersection between international law, constitutional law, political theory, and historical practice. At first glance, the notion may appear archaic, evocative of nineteenth-century imperial diplomacy rather than contemporary legal norms. Yet modern political discourse has occasionally Read more

By Tsvety, ago