Qualifying Circumstances in Criminal Law I. Introduction Criminal law seeks to maintain public order, ensure justice, and deter harmful conduct by assigning sanctions proportionate to the gravity of the offense. Yet, not all crimes of the same legal classification bear the same weight in terms of culpability. A killing committed Read more
Separation of Property as a Legal Process I. Introduction Why separation of property? Property relations between spouses constitute one of the most sensitive and complex aspects of family law. Marriage often merges not only personal lives but also financial and material interests, which can give rise to disputes or inequalities Read more
Judicial Bias: Concept, Manifestations, and Legal Implications I. Introduction What is judicial bias? The principle of impartiality is the cornerstone of judicial legitimacy. Courts derive their authority not only from constitutional frameworks but also from the public perception that judges are neutral arbiters of justice. When impartiality is compromised—whether in Read more
The Legal Foundations of NATO I. Introduction The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) stands as one of the most enduring and significant military alliances in modern history. Established in the aftermath of the Second World War, NATO has played a central role in shaping international security and collective defense arrangements Read more
Counterfeit Notes as a Legal Problem I. Introduction Counterfeit notes—fraudulent imitations of legal tender—pose a serious legal, economic, and social challenge in modern societies. The issue is as old as money itself, but it has become increasingly sophisticated with the advent of digital printing technologies and globalized criminal networks. The Read more
Money Laundering as a Crime I. Introduction Money laundering has become one of the most pressing challenges of modern financial and criminal law. As globalization has expanded the reach of economic transactions and financial markets, criminals have also gained new opportunities to conceal illicit proceeds and integrate them into the Read more
Merger in Business Law I. Introduction What is a merger? In the modern global economy, businesses constantly seek strategies to expand, consolidate, and strengthen their competitive position. One of the most prominent methods of achieving these objectives is through a merger. In business law, a merger represents not only a Read more
Criminal vs. Administrative Liability I. Introduction The distinction between criminal and administrative liability lies at the heart of contemporary jurisprudence. Both forms of liability represent responses of the state to unlawful conduct, yet they differ fundamentally in nature, purpose, and procedure. Criminal liability addresses acts that society deems harmful to Read more
Misrepresentation as a Contract Defect I. Introduction What is misrepresentation? Contracts are the backbone of modern legal and commercial relationships, embodying the principle of pacta sunt servanda—agreements must be kept. Yet, their validity rests upon the genuine consent of the parties. If such consent is vitiated by deception or falsehood, Read more