Types of Legal Persons I. Introduction: The Concept of Legal Personality Legal personality constitutes one of the foundational concepts of jurisprudence. It denotes the capacity of an entity to hold rights, assume obligations, and participate autonomously in legal relations. While natural persons acquire legal personality by virtue of birth, the Read more
The Hierarchy of Legal Norms: Structure, Rationale, and Implications for Legal Order I. Introduction Every coherent legal system rests upon an internal architecture that organizes its norms according to authority, force, and function. This architecture—commonly known as the hierarchy of legal norms—determines not only which rules prevail in cases of Read more
Supranational Legal Orders: Concept, Structure, and Legal Significance Supranational legal orders represent one of the most profound developments in contemporary public law. They constitute legal systems in which states, by their own sovereign decision, confer binding authority upon a higher entity capable of adopting rules directly applicable to individuals, institutions, Read more
Cease and Desist Letters: Legal Nature, Functions, and Practical Implications Cease and desist letters occupy a central role in modern legal practice, functioning as pre-litigation instruments designed to halt unlawful or harmful conduct while preserving the rights and interests of the aggrieved party. Although non-judicial in nature, such letters possess Read more
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners: A Legal Analysis I. Introduction The Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners—revised in 2015 and now known as the Nelson Mandela Rules—represent the most authoritative United Nations instrument governing the treatment of persons deprived of liberty. While not a treaty, Read more
The Different Generations of Human Rights: A Legal and Conceptual Analysis The evolution of human rights is neither linear nor uniform; it is a historical and normative process shaped by social struggles, philosophical developments, and legal codifications. The “generations” framework—typically divided into first, second, and third generations—offers a conceptual map Read more
The Jury Deliberation Process: Legal Foundations, Procedures, and Safeguards The jury deliberation process stands at the heart of adversarial justice systems, particularly those rooted in common-law traditions such as the United States and the United Kingdom. It represents one of the most distinctive institutional mechanisms for ensuring community participation in Read more
Anti-Money Laundering: Legal Frameworks, Obligations, and Enforcement Dynamics I. Introduction Anti-money laundering (AML) law has evolved into a central pillar of contemporary financial regulation. Originally conceived as a tool to combat organized crime, AML frameworks now serve broad purposes: safeguarding the integrity of financial systems, preventing corruption, disrupting terrorism financing, Read more
What Did President Putin Do to Serve More Than Two Terms? — A Legal and Constitutional Analysis Introduction Vladimir Putin has been a defining figure in Russian politics for more than two decades. Legally speaking, his longevity in office raises significant questions about constitutional engineering, institutional change, and the rule Read more