Supranational Legal Orders: Concept, Structure, and Legal Significance Supranational legal orders represent one of the most profound developments in contemporary public law. They constitute legal systems in which states, by their own sovereign decision, confer binding authority upon a higher entity capable of adopting rules directly applicable to individuals, institutions, Read more
The Different Generations of Human Rights: A Legal and Conceptual Analysis The evolution of human rights is neither linear nor uniform; it is a historical and normative process shaped by social struggles, philosophical developments, and legal codifications. The “generations” framework—typically divided into first, second, and third generations—offers a conceptual map Read more
Ceasefire Agreements: Legal Nature, Structure, and Contemporary Relevance Ceasefire agreements occupy a central place within the architecture of international peace and security. While often perceived as temporary pauses in hostilities, their legal nature, operational structure, and political significance extend far beyond a mere cessation of fire. In modern conflict resolution Read more
Jus Cogens: The Peremptory Norms of International Law I. Introduction In the vast architecture of international law, jus cogens norms stand as its most immutable and sacred pillars. Derived from Latin, meaning “compelling law,” jus cogens refers to those fundamental principles from which no derogation is permitted. They embody the Read more
Legal Binding Mechanisms of International Peace Negotiations I. Introduction The maintenance of international peace and security stands as one of the principal objectives of international law. While wars and conflicts have always been intrinsic to human history, the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen the institutionalization of peace through international Read more
UN Charters Protecting Children’s Rights I. Introduction The protection of children’s rights has evolved into one of the most universal and morally compelling objectives of international law. Within the framework of the United Nations (UN), the safeguarding of children from exploitation, violence, neglect, and deprivation has been consistently reaffirmed as Read more
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) I. Introduction The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) represents one of the most significant milestones in the globalization of intellectual property (IP) law. Adopted in 1994 as part of the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) under the Read more
The Legal Foundations of NATO I. Introduction The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) stands as one of the most enduring and significant military alliances in modern history. Established in the aftermath of the Second World War, NATO has played a central role in shaping international security and collective defense arrangements Read more
The United Nations General Assembly: Structure, Function, and Global Significance I. Introduction The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) stands as one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, embodying the ideals of multilateral diplomacy and sovereign equality. As the most representative deliberative body within the UN system, the Read more